How I Integrate Gottman Method Couples Therapy and Emotionally Focused Therapy

Integrating the Gottman Method Couples Therapy and Emotionally Focused Therapy allows for a flexible approach that can shift between relationship-building and attachment-oriented therapy based on the client's needs. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Dr. John Gottman and Dr. Susan Johnson conducted pioneering research on creating happy and lasting relationships. Initially known primarily in academic circles, their work provided an empirical foundation to the often chaotic and unpredictable field of couples therapy.

Both Gottman and Johnson developed unique models of successful adult relationships, based on different perspectives and data sets. Gottman's research focused on longitudinal and observational studies of couples, examining both distressed relationships and satisfying ones. Johnson, on the other hand, drew from the theoretical framework of John Bowlby and her extensive experience in decoding and tracking couples therapy sessions, resulting in an empirical model of couples therapy.

The Gottmans emphasized relationship skill-building and an existential lens, while Johnson's approach was firmly grounded in Attachment Theory. There were also differences in their views on couples therapy and the role of the therapist. The Gottmans cautioned against therapists becoming indispensable to the couple and encouraged coaching couples to manage their own conflicts and intimacy. Johnson, however, saw the therapist as a "secure base" and aimed to create a secure container where anxiously or avoidantly attached partners could express vulnerable feelings and needs.

Despite their differences, the exciting development lies in the convergence of their approaches and the ability to seamlessly integrate both in couples therapy. This integration allows therapists to adapt their approach based on the couple's emotional system.

When working with couples, I begin with the Gottman Method, using the Sound Relationship House model. It provides a practical and understandable framework that couples can readily adopt. The structured assessment process of the Gottman Method is reassuring and transparent, allowing couples to share their story, be heard individually and together, and identify their relationship strengths and areas for growth. The process instills hope as strengths are highlighted, growth areas are connected with specific skills to be learned, and couples leave with a roadmap for their therapeutic journey.

However, the real work starts when addressing the emotional focus and the influence of attachment histories, styles, and internal working models in intimate relationships, as recognized by both Gottman and Johnson. While helping couples replace destructive patterns with healthier alternatives, I am attuned to their negative emotional cycles and unresolved hurts. With Gottman's language and relationship science in one hand and Johnson's emotion-focused and interpersonal tools in the other, I weave both approaches into the therapeutic process.

For example, when addressing criticism and contempt, I provide practical information to one spouse while simultaneously validating and exploring the attachment needs and emotions of the other partner. I employ Gottman's structured exercises, such as the Aftermath of a Regrettable Incident form, to help couples process arguments and improve their dialogue. Simultaneously, I examine the underlying dynamics of the conflict, considering attachment histories and their impact on individuals' ability to let go of anger or offer tenderness.

The integration of Gottman and Johnson becomes evident in working with bids, turning towards, and processing failed bids. I understand that not all hurts are equal and that certain emotional injuries can be traumatic, triggering deeply held beliefs about oneself, the partner, and relationships. Gottman's Sound Relationship House theory helps couples understand the connection between emotional bank accounts and the overall health of the relationship. Johnson's tools, on the other hand, aid in repairing depleted emotional accounts, acknowledging and healing attachment injuries, and restoring the bond between partners.

While I confess my initial affinity for the Gottman Method, finding comfort in its alignment with my therapeutic style, Johnson's approach challenges me to navigate the depths of primary emotions.

References:

Gottman, J.M. (2007). Marital Therapy: A research-based approach. Training manual for the Level I professional workshop for clinicians. Seattle, WA: The Gottman Institute.

Johnson, S. (2008). Hold Me Tight: Seven conversations for a lifetime of love. New York: Little Brown and Company.

Meunier, V. and Baker, W. (2012). Positive Couple Relationships: The evidence for long lasting relationship satisfaction and happiness. In Roffey, S. (Ed.) Positive Relationships: Evidence-based practice across the world. Sydney, Australia: Springer Publications.

Young, M.A. (2005). Creating a Confluence: An Interview With Susan Johnson and John Gottman. The Family Journal, 13(2), 219-225.

Elizabeth Mahaney, LMHC, MFT, Ph.D

Book an appointment with Dr. Liz: https://SouthTampaTherapyBOOKAPPT.as.me/initialintake

Attachment Theory

One theory that can be utilized to better understand human development is attachment theory. Attachment theory was created by John Bowlby and the additional work of Mary Ainsworth. The theory has four main ideas: 

1. The first is that children develop emotional attachments to their familiar caregivers between the ages of 6 and 30 months. 

2. The second idea is that children show their emotional attachments by demonstrating preferences for certain familiar people and tend to want to be near those people. Children desire to use these familiar people as secure bases to explore the environment. 

3. The third idea is that these early emotional attachments contribute to the foundation of emotional experiences and personality development in later life. Attachment theory emphasizes that the behaviors exhibited by a toddler towards their familiar adults will have some continuity to the social behaviors shown later in life in different important relationships. 

4. The fourth idea is that certain events, such as separation of the toddler from familiar people (because of death, incarceration, family removal, etc.) will have short-term or possible long-term, negative impacts on the child’s emotional and cognitive development. Inability for a caregiver to be warm, consistent, responsive, and supportive of the child’s needs, will also result in negative impacts on the child’s ability to form secure attachments throughout the life span. 

Attachment theory outlines four different attachment styles: secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent attachment, anxious-avoidant attachment, and disorganized attachment. 

• Secure attachment is believed to be the ideal style and is characterized by the child feeling secure in the presence of their caregiver and will be able to explore freely while the caregiver is there. A securely attached child is upset when the caregiver departs, but happy to see them when they return. 

• In contrast, an anxious-ambivalent attachment style is characterized by the child feeling upset when the caregiver leaves, but unable to feel reassured when the caregiver returns. The child may continue to cry and have difficulty feeling comforted by the return of their caregiver. 

• An anxious-avoidant style is demonstrated by the child showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns and will not explore much regardless of who is present. 

• Disorganized attachment is characterized by a lack of attachment behavior and the child will show overt displays of fear and contradictory behaviors. This is characterized by the child both reaching for comfort, and pulling away. 

John Bowlby emphasized in his work on Attachment Theory that there is an innate human need for connectedness, and this need exists throughout the lifetime, from cradle to grave. Due to the lasting need for connection even into adulthood, learning about your attachment style can be a crucial step in better understanding how you show up in relationships and relate to others. If you are interested in learning more and discovering your own attachment style, book an Adult Attachment Interview today!